Contents Preface Book One | The Functions of Language Foreword The parable of Red-Eye and the Woman Problem: A Semantic Parable 1 Language and Survival Introduction What Animals Shall We Imitate? Cooperation The Pooling of Knowledge The Niagara of Words Applications 2 Symbols The Symbolic Process Language as Symbolism The Pitfalls of Drama The Word Is Not the Thing Maps and Territories Applications 3 Reports, Inferences. Judgments Verifiability Inferences Judgments . Snarl-Words and Purr-Words How judgments stop thought Slanting Discovering One's Bias Applications 4 Contexts How Dictionaries Are Made Verbal and Physical Contexts Extensional and Intensional Meaning The "One Word, One Meaning" Fallacy Ignoring Contexts The Interaction of Words Applications 5 The Language of Social Cohesion Noises as Expression Noise for Noise's Sake The Value of Unoriginal Remarks Maintenance of Communication Lines Presymbolic Language in Ritual Advice to the Literal-Minded Applications 6 The Double Task of Language Connotations Informative Connotations Affective Connotations A Note on Verbal Taboo Words with Built-in Judgments Everyday Uses of Language Applications 7 The Language of Social Control Making Things Happen The Promises of Directive Language The Foundations of Society Directives with Collective Sanction What Are "Rights"? Directives and Disillusionment Applications 8 The Language of Affective Communication Verbal Hypnotism More Affective Elements Metaphor and Simile Simile Dead Metaphor Allusion . Irony, Pathos, and Humor The Affectiveness of Facts Levels of Writing What Literature Is For Symbolic Experience Science and Literature Applications 9 Art and Tension Bearing the Unbearable Some "Symbolic Strategies" "Equipment for Living" Art as Order Applications Book Two | Language and Thought Foreword The parable of A-town and B-ville: Second Semantic Parable 10 How We Know What We Know Bessie, the Cow The Process of Abstracting Why We Must Abstract On Definitions "Let's Define Our Terms" Operational Definitions Chasing Oneself in Verbal Circles The Distrust of Abstractions "Dead-level abstracting" Applications 11 The Little Man Who Wasn't There How Not To Start a Car Confusion of Levels of Abstraction "Jews" John Doe, the "Criminal" Delusional Worlds Applications 12 Classification Giving Things Names The Blocked Mind Cowl Is Not Cow2 "Truth" Applications 13 The Two-Valued Orientation [Introduction] The Two-Valued Orientation in Politics Man's Inhumanity to Man The Marxist Two-Valued Orientation Two-valued logic Defeating One's Own Ends Applications 14 The Multi-Valued Orientation A Matter of Degree The Pitfalls of Debate The Open and Closed Mind Applications 15 Poetry and Advertising The Poet's Function Art and Life The Laureate's Task The Problems of the Unsponsored Poet The Symbols We Live By Symbols for Our Times Applications 16 The Dime in the Juke-Box Intensional Orientation Oververbalization Advertising and Intensional Orientation Higher Education, Learned Jargon, and Babuism Applications 17 Rats and Men "Insoluble" Problems Cultural Lag The Fear of Change The Revision of Group Habits The Extensional Approach The End of the Road The Scientific Attitude The Left-Hand Door Again Applications 18 Towards Order Within and Without Rules for Extensional Orientation Symptoms of Disorder The Lost Children "Know Thyself" Reports and Judgments Institutionalized Attitudes Reading Towards Sanity Postscript Selected Bibliography Index Naar Literatuur home 
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